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Original Article

Progress in Medical Physics 2019; 30(4): 89-93

Published online December 31, 2019

https://doi.org/10.14316/pmp.2019.30.4.89

Copyright © Korean Society of Medical Physics.

Low Magnetic Field MRI Visibility of Rubber-Based Markers

Jeong Ho Kim1,2, Seongmoon Jung2, Jung-in Kim1,2,3

1Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Hospital, 2Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 3Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to:Seongmoon Jung (smjung@snu.ac.kr
Tel: 82-2-2072-3573 Fax: 82-2-3410-2619

Received: December 16, 2019; Revised: December 23, 2019; Accepted: December 23, 2019

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Purpose

This study aims to develop new markers based on silicone rubber and urethane rubber to enhance visibility in low magnetic field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Methods

Four types of markers were fabricated using two different base materials. Two of the markers were composed of two different types of silicone rubber: DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM and BodyDouble SILK. The other two markers were composed of types of urethane rubber: PMC 780 DRY and VytaFlex 20. Silicone oil (KF-96 1000cs) was added to the fabricated markers. The allocated amount of oil was 20% of the weight (wt%) of each respective marker. The MR images of the markers, with and without the silicone oil, were acquired using MRIdian with a low magnetic field of 0.35 T. The signal intensities of each MR image for the markers were analyzed using ImageJ software and the visibility for each was compared.

Results

The highest signal intensity was observed in VytaFlex 20 (279.67±3.57). Large differences in the signal intensities (e.g., 627% in relative difference between BodyDouble SILK and VytaFlex 20) among the markers were observed. However, the maximum difference between the signal intensities of the markers with the silicone oil showed only a 62% relative difference between PMC 780 DRY and DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM. An increase in the signal intensity of the markers with the silicone oil was observed in all markers.

Conclusions

New markers were successfully fabricated. Among the markers, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM with silicone oil showed the highest MR signal intensity.

KeywordsVisibility, Magnetic resonance image, Low magnetic field, Rubber-based marker

Image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is a recent development in radiotherapy technology. It uses imaging techniques, such as kV imaging, megavoltage (MV) imaging, and cone beam computed tomography, during radiation therapy to improve the precision and accuracy of treatment delivery.1) However, IGRT with computed tomography (CT) imaging remains a challenge, owing to inadequate soft tissue contrast and imaging dose.2)

Recently, a magnetic resonance image guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) system was introduced to the field of radiotherapy.3,4) Particularly, the MRIdian (ViewRay Inc., Oakwood Village, OH, USA) integrates a 0.35 T split superconducting magnet with a 6 MV flattening filter free linear accelerator, or three Co-60 heads, and has been in clinical use since 2014.5) Magnetic resonance (MR) images show superior soft tissue contrast than conventional CT images and MRgRT also has the added advantage of providing real-time anatomic motion tracking.2,6) Similar to a conventional radiotherapy machine (e.g., MV LINAC), accurate and precise in vivo dosimetry is required to confirm what extent of the planned dose is delivered to the volume of interest during the MRgRT treatment.79) To accurately compare the planned dose and delivered dose for MRgRT, information on the position of the in vivo dosimeter is necessary.10) Commercial metallic fiducial markers, made of iron, gold, and platinum, can be utilized as reference points in MR images.11,12) However, commercial markers are difficult to deform and almost impossible to attach to various types of in vivo dosimeters without air gaps. The presence of air near the markers may significantly degrade the fiducial visibility.13) In addition, the metallic elements have an inherent toxicity.

In the current study, new markers for MR images were suggested for the assessment of accurate positioning of the in vivo dosimeter. The new markers, composed of silicone rubber or urethane rubber, can be fabricated into various shapes and attached to the in vivo dosimeter without air gaps. The signal intensities from the MR images using the new markers were acquired and compared to each other. Additionally, the enhancement of the MR signal intensity, due to the addition of silicone oil to the markers, was also evaluated.

1. Materials

Four types of markers were fabricated using two different base materials. The first base material was silicone rubber. Two commercial silicone rubbers, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM and BodyDouble SILK, were used to fabricate the markers. The second base material was urethane rubber and the commercially available PMC 780 DRY and VytaFlex 20 were used for the markers. All these materials are made by Smooth-On Inc. (Macungie, PA, USA).14)Fig. 1 shows the fabrication of the markers and Table 1 shows the type of base material, pot life, and curing time of each marker. We followed the same fabrication processes outlined in previous work done by other groups.15,16) The markers were contained in 50 mL plastic conical tubes, the diameter and length of which were 3 cm and 11.5 cm, respectively. The tubes were then placed in a vacuum chamber to remove the air bubbles produced during mixing and curing the markers. The curing time varied with respect to the marker type (Table 1); however, all the markers were subject to air pressure of 60 psi in the vacuum chamber. For the fabrication of the markers with silicone oil (KF 96 1000cs; Shin-Etsu Inc., Tokyo, Japan), the amount of oil was measured at 20% of the respective marker weight and was added to each marker before the markers were contained in the plastic tubes.

2. Acquisition of magnetic resonance image

The MR images of the markers were acquired by MRIdian with 0.35 T. A true fast imaging was used with a steady state precession sequence, yielding a T2/T1-weighted contrast for all MR scanning.5) The resolution of the MR images was 1.5×1.5×1.5 mm3, with an imaging time of 128 seconds, and the field of view was 40×43×40 cm3.

The acquired MR images were saved in DICOM format and the signal intensity of the images was analyzed. The analysis was conducted using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA), which has been widely used as a software tool for MR image evaluation.10) The signal intensities were averaged over circular regions of interest (ROIs,) with a diameter of 2 cm at the central region of the marker image, from 20 slices per marker.

Fig. 2 and Table 2 show the MR images and the signal intensities and standard deviations of ROIs for each marker, respectively. Among the markers without the added silicone oil, VytaFlex 20 had the highest signal intensity in arbitrary units (a.u.). BodyDouble SILK and PMC 780 DRY had similar levels of signal intensity. The maximum relative difference of signal intensity between two markers (i.e., VytaFlex 20 and BodyDouble SILK) was 627%. However, of the markers with the added silicone oil, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM had the highest signal intensity. Its signal intensity increased by 1.26 times, compared to its signal intensity without the silicone oil. The signal intensities of BodyDouble SILK and PMC 780 DRY, which were originally low, were significantly increased when the silicone oil was added. Particularly, the signal intensity of BodyDouble SILK increased by 5.85 times after the silicone oil was added. Furthermore, the relative difference between the signal intensities from the markers with the silicone oil was below 62%.

In this study, new markers for MR images were fabricated using silicone rubber- and urethane rubber-based materials and their feasibility as reference points in MR images was demonstrated. In order to improve visibility, silicone oil was added to the fabricated markers and the results showed increased signal intensity for all marker types.

Among the material used for fabricating the markers, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM was proven to be safe and can potentially be used in clinical practice.17) BodyDouble SILK was reported to be safe to use for skin.18) However, the toxicity of PMC 780 DRY and VytaFlex 20, of which the base material is urethane rubber, has not yet been studied for clinical practice. Therefore, one should carefully consider the implementation of those materials in clinical practice.

In contrast to the commercial metallic fiducial markers, the markers in our study can be fabricated with regard to any dimension and design. Since a variety of marker shapes can be fabricated, the markers can be directly attached to in vivo dosimeters, or can encapsulate small-sized in vivo dosimeters.8,19)

In order to compare the planned dose to the delivered dose during the process of MRgRT, the MR images with the markers should be registered with CT images on the same plane by matching the locations of the markers.20) In future work, we will investigate the effectiveness of the fabricated markers in CT images. Furthermore, to compare the capability of the markers with that of the commercial markers, in terms of image quality from various types of MRI and sequential images, the signal to noise ratio will be evaluated, instead of the signal intensity.

We investigated the feasibility of the use of new markers, based on silicone rubber and urethane rubber, for low magnetic field MR images. Among the four types of markers investigated, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM with added silicone oil displayed the highest MR signal intensity. By adding silicone oil to the markers, it was established that all marker types used in our study have the potential to be used as markers in MRI.

This study was supported by a grant by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (No.2017M2A2A7A02020639, No.2017M2A2A7A02020641, and 2017M2A2A7A02020643).

Properties of markers

MarkerType of base materialPot life (min)Cure time
DragonSkin 10 MEDIUMSilicone205 h
BodyDouble SILKSilicone620 min
PMC 780 DRYUrethane548 h
VytaFlex 20Urethane3016 h

Signal intensities of markers with and without silicone oil

Type of base materialMarkerSignal intensity (a.u.)Rate of increase (%)

Marker without silicone oilMarker with silicone oil
SiliconeDragonSkin 10 MEDIUM232.31±4.51294.16±7.9426.62
BodyDouble SILK38.42±1.19263.05±7.89584.67
UrethanePMC 780 DRY47.22±1.31181.09±3.57283.51
VytaFlex 20279.67±3.57281.82±3.660.77
  1. Kim JI, Park JM, Choi CH, An HJ, Kim YJ, and Kim JH. Retrospective study comparing MR-guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) setup strategies for prostate treatment: repositioning vs. replanning. Radiat Oncol 2019;14:139.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  2. Corradini S, Alongi F, Andratschke N, Belka C, Boldrini L, and Cellini F, et al. MR-guidance in clinical reality: current treatment challenges and future perspectives. Radiat Oncol 2019;14:92.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  3. Mutic S, and Dempsey JF. The ViewRay system: magnetic resonance-guided and controlled radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2014;24:196-199.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  4. Park JM, Park S, Wu H, and Kim J. Commissioning experience of tri-cobalt-60 MRI-guided radiation therapy system. Prog Med Phys 2015;26:193-200.
    CrossRef
  5. Klüter S. Technical design and concept of a 0.35 T MR-Linac. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2019;18:98-101.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  6. Bayouth JE, Low DA, and Zaidi H. MRI-linac systems will replace conventional IGRT systems within 15 years. Med Phys 2019;46:3753-3756.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  7. Carrara M, Romanyukha A, Tenconi C, Mazzeo D, Cerrotta A, and Borroni M, et al. Clinical application of MOSkin dosimeters to rectal wall in vivo dosimetry in gynecological HDR brachytherapy. Phys Med 2017;41:5-12.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  8. Petoukhova A, Rüssel I, Nijst-Brouwers J, van Wingerden K, van Egmond J, and Jacobs D, et al. In vivo dosimetry with MOSFETs and GAFCHROMIC films during electron IORT for accelerated partial breast irradiation. Phys Med 2017;44:26-33.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  9. AAPM Report 87. Diode in vivo dosimetry for patients receiving external beam radiation therapy. AAPM Report. Bethesda: AAPM 2005:87.
  10. Woulfe P, Sullivan FJ, and O’Keeffe S. Optical fibre sensors: their role in in vivo dosimetry for prostate cancer radiotherapy. Cancer Nanotechnol 2016;7:7.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  11. O’Neill AG, Jain S, Hounsell AR, and O’Sullivan JM. Fiducial marker guided prostate radiotherapy: a review. Br J Radiol 2016;89 20160296.
    CrossRef
  12. Shcherbakova Y, Bartels LW, Mandija S, Beld E, Seevinck PR, and van der Voort van Zyp JRN, et al. Visualization of gold fiducial markers in the prostate using phase-cycled bSSFP imaging for MRI-only radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2019;64:185001.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  13. van den Ende RPJ, Rigter LS, Kerkhof EM, van Persijn van Meerten EL, Rijkmans EC, and Lambregts DMJ, et al. MRI visibility of gold fiducial markers for image-guided radiotherapy of rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 2019;132:93-99.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  14. Smooth on Inc. Material Categories Smooth on Inc. Macungie [cited 2019 December 13]. Available from: https://www.smooth-on.com/products/.
  15. Lin AY. Fabrication and aeroelastic analysis of silicone membrane micro air vehicle wings [Master’s thesis]. Florida: University of Florida; 2009.
  16. Alqathami M. Novel 3D radiochromic dosimeters for advanced radiotherapy techniques [dissertation]. Melbourne: RMIT University; 2013.
  17. An HJ, Kim MS, Kim JS, Son JM, Choi CH, and Min J. Geometric evaluation of patient-specific 3D bolus from 3D printed mold and casting method for radiation therapy. Prog Med Phys 2019;30:32-38.
    CrossRef
  18. Smooth on Inc. Body double silk Smooth on Inc. Macungie [cited 2019 December 13]. Available from: https://www.smooth-on.com/tb/files/BODY_DOUBLE_SILK_TB.pdf.
  19. Jursinic PA. Characterization of optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters, OSLDs, for clinical dosimetric measurements. Med Phys 2007;34:4594-4604.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  20. Joint Head, Kiser K, Meheissen MAM, Mohamed ASR, Kamal M, and Ng SP, et al, Neck MRI-Radiotherapy Development Cooperative. Prospective quantitative quality assurance and deformation estimation of MRI-CT image registration in simulation of head and neck radiotherapy patients. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2019;18:120-127.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef

Article

Original Article

Progress in Medical Physics 2019; 30(4): 89-93

Published online December 31, 2019 https://doi.org/10.14316/pmp.2019.30.4.89

Copyright © Korean Society of Medical Physics.

Low Magnetic Field MRI Visibility of Rubber-Based Markers

Jeong Ho Kim1,2, Seongmoon Jung2, Jung-in Kim1,2,3

1Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Hospital, 2Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 3Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to:Seongmoon Jung (smjung@snu.ac.kr
Tel: 82-2-2072-3573 Fax: 82-2-3410-2619

Received: December 16, 2019; Revised: December 23, 2019; Accepted: December 23, 2019

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to develop new markers based on silicone rubber and urethane rubber to enhance visibility in low magnetic field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Methods

Four types of markers were fabricated using two different base materials. Two of the markers were composed of two different types of silicone rubber: DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM and BodyDouble SILK. The other two markers were composed of types of urethane rubber: PMC 780 DRY and VytaFlex 20. Silicone oil (KF-96 1000cs) was added to the fabricated markers. The allocated amount of oil was 20% of the weight (wt%) of each respective marker. The MR images of the markers, with and without the silicone oil, were acquired using MRIdian with a low magnetic field of 0.35 T. The signal intensities of each MR image for the markers were analyzed using ImageJ software and the visibility for each was compared.

Results

The highest signal intensity was observed in VytaFlex 20 (279.67±3.57). Large differences in the signal intensities (e.g., 627% in relative difference between BodyDouble SILK and VytaFlex 20) among the markers were observed. However, the maximum difference between the signal intensities of the markers with the silicone oil showed only a 62% relative difference between PMC 780 DRY and DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM. An increase in the signal intensity of the markers with the silicone oil was observed in all markers.

Conclusions

New markers were successfully fabricated. Among the markers, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM with silicone oil showed the highest MR signal intensity.

Keywords: Visibility, Magnetic resonance image, Low magnetic field, Rubber-based marker

Introduction

Image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is a recent development in radiotherapy technology. It uses imaging techniques, such as kV imaging, megavoltage (MV) imaging, and cone beam computed tomography, during radiation therapy to improve the precision and accuracy of treatment delivery.1) However, IGRT with computed tomography (CT) imaging remains a challenge, owing to inadequate soft tissue contrast and imaging dose.2)

Recently, a magnetic resonance image guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) system was introduced to the field of radiotherapy.3,4) Particularly, the MRIdian (ViewRay Inc., Oakwood Village, OH, USA) integrates a 0.35 T split superconducting magnet with a 6 MV flattening filter free linear accelerator, or three Co-60 heads, and has been in clinical use since 2014.5) Magnetic resonance (MR) images show superior soft tissue contrast than conventional CT images and MRgRT also has the added advantage of providing real-time anatomic motion tracking.2,6) Similar to a conventional radiotherapy machine (e.g., MV LINAC), accurate and precise in vivo dosimetry is required to confirm what extent of the planned dose is delivered to the volume of interest during the MRgRT treatment.79) To accurately compare the planned dose and delivered dose for MRgRT, information on the position of the in vivo dosimeter is necessary.10) Commercial metallic fiducial markers, made of iron, gold, and platinum, can be utilized as reference points in MR images.11,12) However, commercial markers are difficult to deform and almost impossible to attach to various types of in vivo dosimeters without air gaps. The presence of air near the markers may significantly degrade the fiducial visibility.13) In addition, the metallic elements have an inherent toxicity.

In the current study, new markers for MR images were suggested for the assessment of accurate positioning of the in vivo dosimeter. The new markers, composed of silicone rubber or urethane rubber, can be fabricated into various shapes and attached to the in vivo dosimeter without air gaps. The signal intensities from the MR images using the new markers were acquired and compared to each other. Additionally, the enhancement of the MR signal intensity, due to the addition of silicone oil to the markers, was also evaluated.

Materials and Methods

1. Materials

Four types of markers were fabricated using two different base materials. The first base material was silicone rubber. Two commercial silicone rubbers, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM and BodyDouble SILK, were used to fabricate the markers. The second base material was urethane rubber and the commercially available PMC 780 DRY and VytaFlex 20 were used for the markers. All these materials are made by Smooth-On Inc. (Macungie, PA, USA).14)Fig. 1 shows the fabrication of the markers and Table 1 shows the type of base material, pot life, and curing time of each marker. We followed the same fabrication processes outlined in previous work done by other groups.15,16) The markers were contained in 50 mL plastic conical tubes, the diameter and length of which were 3 cm and 11.5 cm, respectively. The tubes were then placed in a vacuum chamber to remove the air bubbles produced during mixing and curing the markers. The curing time varied with respect to the marker type (Table 1); however, all the markers were subject to air pressure of 60 psi in the vacuum chamber. For the fabrication of the markers with silicone oil (KF 96 1000cs; Shin-Etsu Inc., Tokyo, Japan), the amount of oil was measured at 20% of the respective marker weight and was added to each marker before the markers were contained in the plastic tubes.

2. Acquisition of magnetic resonance image

The MR images of the markers were acquired by MRIdian with 0.35 T. A true fast imaging was used with a steady state precession sequence, yielding a T2/T1-weighted contrast for all MR scanning.5) The resolution of the MR images was 1.5×1.5×1.5 mm3, with an imaging time of 128 seconds, and the field of view was 40×43×40 cm3.

The acquired MR images were saved in DICOM format and the signal intensity of the images was analyzed. The analysis was conducted using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA), which has been widely used as a software tool for MR image evaluation.10) The signal intensities were averaged over circular regions of interest (ROIs,) with a diameter of 2 cm at the central region of the marker image, from 20 slices per marker.

Results

Fig. 2 and Table 2 show the MR images and the signal intensities and standard deviations of ROIs for each marker, respectively. Among the markers without the added silicone oil, VytaFlex 20 had the highest signal intensity in arbitrary units (a.u.). BodyDouble SILK and PMC 780 DRY had similar levels of signal intensity. The maximum relative difference of signal intensity between two markers (i.e., VytaFlex 20 and BodyDouble SILK) was 627%. However, of the markers with the added silicone oil, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM had the highest signal intensity. Its signal intensity increased by 1.26 times, compared to its signal intensity without the silicone oil. The signal intensities of BodyDouble SILK and PMC 780 DRY, which were originally low, were significantly increased when the silicone oil was added. Particularly, the signal intensity of BodyDouble SILK increased by 5.85 times after the silicone oil was added. Furthermore, the relative difference between the signal intensities from the markers with the silicone oil was below 62%.

Discussion

In this study, new markers for MR images were fabricated using silicone rubber- and urethane rubber-based materials and their feasibility as reference points in MR images was demonstrated. In order to improve visibility, silicone oil was added to the fabricated markers and the results showed increased signal intensity for all marker types.

Among the material used for fabricating the markers, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM was proven to be safe and can potentially be used in clinical practice.17) BodyDouble SILK was reported to be safe to use for skin.18) However, the toxicity of PMC 780 DRY and VytaFlex 20, of which the base material is urethane rubber, has not yet been studied for clinical practice. Therefore, one should carefully consider the implementation of those materials in clinical practice.

In contrast to the commercial metallic fiducial markers, the markers in our study can be fabricated with regard to any dimension and design. Since a variety of marker shapes can be fabricated, the markers can be directly attached to in vivo dosimeters, or can encapsulate small-sized in vivo dosimeters.8,19)

In order to compare the planned dose to the delivered dose during the process of MRgRT, the MR images with the markers should be registered with CT images on the same plane by matching the locations of the markers.20) In future work, we will investigate the effectiveness of the fabricated markers in CT images. Furthermore, to compare the capability of the markers with that of the commercial markers, in terms of image quality from various types of MRI and sequential images, the signal to noise ratio will be evaluated, instead of the signal intensity.

Conclusions

We investigated the feasibility of the use of new markers, based on silicone rubber and urethane rubber, for low magnetic field MR images. Among the four types of markers investigated, DragonSkin 10 MEDIUM with added silicone oil displayed the highest MR signal intensity. By adding silicone oil to the markers, it was established that all marker types used in our study have the potential to be used as markers in MRI.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (No.2017M2A2A7A02020639, No.2017M2A2A7A02020641, and 2017M2A2A7A02020643).

Tables

Properties of markers

MarkerType of base materialPot life (min)Cure time
DragonSkin 10 MEDIUMSilicone205 h
BodyDouble SILKSilicone620 min
PMC 780 DRYUrethane548 h
VytaFlex 20Urethane3016 h

Signal intensities of markers with and without silicone oil

Type of base materialMarkerSignal intensity (a.u.)Rate of increase (%)

Marker without silicone oilMarker with silicone oil
SiliconeDragonSkin 10 MEDIUM232.31±4.51294.16±7.9426.62
BodyDouble SILK38.42±1.19263.05±7.89584.67
UrethanePMC 780 DRY47.22±1.31181.09±3.57283.51
VytaFlex 20279.67±3.57281.82±3.660.77

Fig 1.

Figure 1.Fabrication method of markers using DragonSkin MEDIUM, BodyDouble SILK, PMC 780 DRY, and VytaFlex 20 (Smooth-On Inc.).
Progress in Medical Physics 2019; 30: 89-93https://doi.org/10.14316/pmp.2019.30.4.89

Fig 2.

Figure 2.Magnetic resonance images of markers with silicone oil (first row) and without silicone oil (second row).
Progress in Medical Physics 2019; 30: 89-93https://doi.org/10.14316/pmp.2019.30.4.89

Table 1 Properties of markers

MarkerType of base materialPot life (min)Cure time
DragonSkin 10 MEDIUMSilicone205 h
BodyDouble SILKSilicone620 min
PMC 780 DRYUrethane548 h
VytaFlex 20Urethane3016 h

Table 2 Signal intensities of markers with and without silicone oil

Type of base materialMarkerSignal intensity (a.u.)Rate of increase (%)

Marker without silicone oilMarker with silicone oil
SiliconeDragonSkin 10 MEDIUM232.31±4.51294.16±7.9426.62
BodyDouble SILK38.42±1.19263.05±7.89584.67
UrethanePMC 780 DRY47.22±1.31181.09±3.57283.51
VytaFlex 20279.67±3.57281.82±3.660.77

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

a.u., arbitrary unit.


References

  1. Kim JI, Park JM, Choi CH, An HJ, Kim YJ, and Kim JH. Retrospective study comparing MR-guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) setup strategies for prostate treatment: repositioning vs. replanning. Radiat Oncol 2019;14:139.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  2. Corradini S, Alongi F, Andratschke N, Belka C, Boldrini L, and Cellini F, et al. MR-guidance in clinical reality: current treatment challenges and future perspectives. Radiat Oncol 2019;14:92.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  3. Mutic S, and Dempsey JF. The ViewRay system: magnetic resonance-guided and controlled radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2014;24:196-199.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  4. Park JM, Park S, Wu H, and Kim J. Commissioning experience of tri-cobalt-60 MRI-guided radiation therapy system. Prog Med Phys 2015;26:193-200.
    CrossRef
  5. Klüter S. Technical design and concept of a 0.35 T MR-Linac. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2019;18:98-101.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  6. Bayouth JE, Low DA, and Zaidi H. MRI-linac systems will replace conventional IGRT systems within 15 years. Med Phys 2019;46:3753-3756.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  7. Carrara M, Romanyukha A, Tenconi C, Mazzeo D, Cerrotta A, and Borroni M, et al. Clinical application of MOSkin dosimeters to rectal wall in vivo dosimetry in gynecological HDR brachytherapy. Phys Med 2017;41:5-12.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  8. Petoukhova A, Rüssel I, Nijst-Brouwers J, van Wingerden K, van Egmond J, and Jacobs D, et al. In vivo dosimetry with MOSFETs and GAFCHROMIC films during electron IORT for accelerated partial breast irradiation. Phys Med 2017;44:26-33.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  9. AAPM Report 87. Diode in vivo dosimetry for patients receiving external beam radiation therapy. AAPM Report. Bethesda: AAPM 2005:87.
  10. Woulfe P, Sullivan FJ, and O’Keeffe S. Optical fibre sensors: their role in in vivo dosimetry for prostate cancer radiotherapy. Cancer Nanotechnol 2016;7:7.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  11. O’Neill AG, Jain S, Hounsell AR, and O’Sullivan JM. Fiducial marker guided prostate radiotherapy: a review. Br J Radiol 2016;89 20160296.
    CrossRef
  12. Shcherbakova Y, Bartels LW, Mandija S, Beld E, Seevinck PR, and van der Voort van Zyp JRN, et al. Visualization of gold fiducial markers in the prostate using phase-cycled bSSFP imaging for MRI-only radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2019;64:185001.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  13. van den Ende RPJ, Rigter LS, Kerkhof EM, van Persijn van Meerten EL, Rijkmans EC, and Lambregts DMJ, et al. MRI visibility of gold fiducial markers for image-guided radiotherapy of rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 2019;132:93-99.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  14. Smooth on Inc. Material Categories Smooth on Inc. Macungie [cited 2019 December 13]. Available from: https://www.smooth-on.com/products/.
  15. Lin AY. Fabrication and aeroelastic analysis of silicone membrane micro air vehicle wings [Master’s thesis]. Florida: University of Florida; 2009.
  16. Alqathami M. Novel 3D radiochromic dosimeters for advanced radiotherapy techniques [dissertation]. Melbourne: RMIT University; 2013.
  17. An HJ, Kim MS, Kim JS, Son JM, Choi CH, and Min J. Geometric evaluation of patient-specific 3D bolus from 3D printed mold and casting method for radiation therapy. Prog Med Phys 2019;30:32-38.
    CrossRef
  18. Smooth on Inc. Body double silk Smooth on Inc. Macungie [cited 2019 December 13]. Available from: https://www.smooth-on.com/tb/files/BODY_DOUBLE_SILK_TB.pdf.
  19. Jursinic PA. Characterization of optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters, OSLDs, for clinical dosimetric measurements. Med Phys 2007;34:4594-4604.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  20. Joint Head, Kiser K, Meheissen MAM, Mohamed ASR, Kamal M, and Ng SP, et al, Neck MRI-Radiotherapy Development Cooperative. Prospective quantitative quality assurance and deformation estimation of MRI-CT image registration in simulation of head and neck radiotherapy patients. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2019;18:120-127.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
Korean Society of Medical Physics

Vol.35 No.4
December 2024

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